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2026-05-27 23:47:53 +01:00
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import type { Channel, MidiMessage } from "./midi-message.types.js";
const ASSERT_CHANNEL = 0xf;
const STATUS_HIGH_NIBBLE = 0xf0;
const STATUS_LOW_NIBBLE = 0x0f;
const SYSEX_START = 0xf0;
const SYSEX_END = 0xf7;
function asChannel(n: number): Channel {
return (n & ASSERT_CHANNEL) as Channel;
}
/**
* Decode a single MIDI 1.0 message from a raw `Uint8Array`. Returns
* the parsed `MidiMessage` plus the byte offset immediately after
* the consumed message. SysEx without a terminating `0xF7` returns
* `null` (caller treats as malformed). Status byte must be in the
* high half of the byte (`>= 0x80`).
*/
export function decodeMessage(
bytes: Uint8Array,
offset = 0
): {
readonly msg: MidiMessage;
readonly next: number;
} | null {
if (offset >= bytes.length) {
return null;
}
const status = bytes[offset];
if (status === undefined || (status & 0x80) === 0) {
return null;
}
const high = status & STATUS_HIGH_NIBBLE;
const ch = asChannel(status & STATUS_LOW_NIBBLE);
if (high === 0x80) {
const d1 = bytes[offset + 1];
const d2 = bytes[offset + 2];
if (d1 === undefined || d2 === undefined) return null;
return {
msg: { type: "noteOff", channel: ch, note: d1, velocity: d2 },
next: offset + 3,
};
}
if (high === 0x90) {
const d1 = bytes[offset + 1];
const d2 = bytes[offset + 2];
if (d1 === undefined || d2 === undefined) return null;
const type = d2 === 0 ? "noteOff" : "noteOn";
return {
msg: { type, channel: ch, note: d1, velocity: d2 } as MidiMessage,
next: offset + 3,
};
}
if (high === 0xa0) {
const d1 = bytes[offset + 1];
const d2 = bytes[offset + 2];
if (d1 === undefined || d2 === undefined) return null;
return {
msg: {
type: "polyAftertouch",
channel: ch,
note: d1,
pressure: d2,
},
next: offset + 3,
};
}
if (high === 0xb0) {
const d1 = bytes[offset + 1];
const d2 = bytes[offset + 2];
if (d1 === undefined || d2 === undefined) return null;
return {
msg: {
type: "controlChange",
channel: ch,
controller: d1,
value: d2,
},
next: offset + 3,
};
}
if (high === 0xc0) {
const d1 = bytes[offset + 1];
if (d1 === undefined) return null;
return {
msg: { type: "programChange", channel: ch, program: d1 },
next: offset + 2,
};
}
if (high === 0xd0) {
const d1 = bytes[offset + 1];
if (d1 === undefined) return null;
return {
msg: { type: "channelPressure", channel: ch, pressure: d1 },
next: offset + 2,
};
}
if (high === 0xe0) {
const d1 = bytes[offset + 1];
const d2 = bytes[offset + 2];
if (d1 === undefined || d2 === undefined) return null;
return {
msg: { type: "pitchBend", channel: ch, value: (d2 << 7) | d1 },
next: offset + 3,
};
}
// System common / real-time
if (status === SYSEX_START) {
const end = bytes.indexOf(SYSEX_END, offset + 1);
if (end === -1) return null;
return {
msg: {
type: "sysEx",
channel: null,
data: bytes.slice(offset + 1, end),
},
next: end + 1,
};
}
if (status === 0xf8) {
return { msg: { type: "clock", channel: null }, next: offset + 1 };
}
if (status === 0xfa) {
return { msg: { type: "start", channel: null }, next: offset + 1 };
}
if (status === 0xfb) {
return { msg: { type: "continue", channel: null }, next: offset + 1 };
}
if (status === 0xfc) {
return { msg: { type: "stop", channel: null }, next: offset + 1 };
}
if (status === 0xfe) {
return {
msg: { type: "activeSensing", channel: null },
next: offset + 1,
};
}
if (status === 0xff) {
return {
msg: { type: "systemReset", channel: null },
next: offset + 1,
};
}
return null;
}
/**
* Encode a single `MidiMessage` to its on-wire byte sequence.
*/
export function encodeMessage(msg: MidiMessage): Uint8Array {
switch (msg.type) {
case "noteOff":
return new Uint8Array([0x80 | msg.channel, msg.note, msg.velocity]);
case "noteOn":
return new Uint8Array([0x90 | msg.channel, msg.note, msg.velocity]);
case "polyAftertouch":
return new Uint8Array([0xa0 | msg.channel, msg.note, msg.pressure]);
case "controlChange":
return new Uint8Array([
0xb0 | msg.channel,
msg.controller,
msg.value,
]);
case "programChange":
return new Uint8Array([0xc0 | msg.channel, msg.program]);
case "channelPressure":
return new Uint8Array([0xd0 | msg.channel, msg.pressure]);
case "pitchBend":
return new Uint8Array([
0xe0 | msg.channel,
msg.value & 0x7f,
(msg.value >> 7) & 0x7f,
]);
case "sysEx": {
const out = new Uint8Array(msg.data.length + 2);
out[0] = SYSEX_START;
out.set(msg.data, 1);
out[out.length - 1] = SYSEX_END;
return out;
}
case "clock":
return new Uint8Array([0xf8]);
case "start":
return new Uint8Array([0xfa]);
case "continue":
return new Uint8Array([0xfb]);
case "stop":
return new Uint8Array([0xfc]);
case "activeSensing":
return new Uint8Array([0xfe]);
case "systemReset":
return new Uint8Array([0xff]);
}
}